Bronnen

Hier zullen alle interessante studies rond veganistische honden en veganisme in het algemeen verzamelen. We zijn ons zeer bewust van onze eigen ‘confirmation bias’. We verwelkomen dan ook elke kritische bemerking of andersluidend onderzoek. (E-mailen mag steeds op info@veganda.eu )

De behandelde studies hebben vaak katten mee in het onderzoek opgenomen. Hiervoor zijn de resultaten veel minder eenduidig. Veganda doet enkel uitspraken over de hond, waarvan we weten dat ie een omnivoor is en plantaardig kan leven. De kat is een ander verhaal. De reden dat we het aanhalen is dat er uit deze studies in debatten rond veganistische voeding voor huisdieren soms fout wordt geciteerd en worden honden en katten over de zelfde kam geschoren.  

Veganistische honden:

0. Nutritional Requirements and Related Diseases of Small Animals (MSD Veterinary Manual)

=> Diergeneeskundige handleiding die het verschil beschrijft tussen de digestie en opname van plantaardige en dierlijke proteïne. Dit hoeven we dus zeker niet te ontkennen.

Ze vermelden echter nergens dat dierlijke proteïne noodzakelijk zijn. (Terwijl dit wel expliciet vermeld wordt voor katten.)

“Aan de voedingsbehoefte aan proteïne bij gezonde volwassen honden wordt voldaan wanneer de metabole behoefte van de hond aan aminozuren en stikstof wordt bevredigd. Optimale diëten voor opgroeiende puppy’s moeten minimaal 22% eiwit als droge stof bevatten (AAFCO-richtlijnen) of 45 g eiwit/1.000 kcal ME voor puppy’s van 4-14 wk oud en 35 g eiwit/1.000 kcal ME voor puppy’s van meer dan 14 wk oud (NRC-richtlijnen). Volwassen honden hebben minimaal 18% eiwit als droge stof nodig (AAFCO-richtlijnen) of ~20 g eiwit/1.000 kcal ME nodig (NRC-richtlijnen).”

1. Plant based diets for dogs. Plantaardige diëten voor honden. (December 2018, Journal of the American Verinary Association)

“Honden hebben dieetvereisten voor energie en essentiële voedingsstoffen, maar ze hebben geen erkende vereiste voor ingrediënten van dierlijke oorsprong op zich. In in overeenstemming met de huidige inzichten in huisdiervoeding, elk dieet dat aan het minimum voldoet of dit overtreft voedingsbehoeften van een hond voor een specifieke levensfase zou worden beschouwd als nutritioneel gezien voldoende voor dat dierlijk, ongeacht de ingrediënten. Echter, speciaal Bij het formuleren van een plantaardig dieet moet erop worden toegezien dat aan alle voedingsbehoeften wordt voldaan, met name eisen voor concentraties van het totaal eiwit, methionine, taurine, DHA en vitamine A, B12, en D omdat deze voedingsstoffen meestal worden verkregen uit dierlijke ingrediënten.”

2. Vegetarian versus Meat-Based Diets for Companion Animals (September 2016, Animals)

Een eerste poging tot meta-analyse van het gedane onderzoek:

“Dogs maintained on vegetarian diets may be healthy—including those exercising at the highest levels—and, indeed, may experience a range of health benefits. Such diets must be nutritionally complete and reasonably balanced, however, and owners should regularly monitor urinary acidity and should correct urinary alkalinisation through appropriate dietary additives, if necessary. “

3.Environmental impacts of food consumption by dogs and cats (Augustus 2017, PLoSONE)

” 1/4de van de ecologische impact van de vleesindustrie wordt veroorzaakt door de huisdiervoederindustrie .”

4. Evaluation of recipes of home-prepared maintenance diets for dogs. (July 2014, Journal of the American Verinary Association)

“Weinig recepten die we beoordeelden leverden alle essentiële voedingsstoffen op
in concentraties die voldoen aan of groter zijn dan de NRC MR of RA of het AAFCO hondenvoer voedingsprofielen voor het onderhoud van honden
diëten. De computergestuurde analyse was zeer voorspellend voor tekortkomingen of excessen van voedingsstoffen zoals gemeten via laboratoriummethoden, wat de betrouwbaarheid van computergebaseerde analyses voor gebruik bij het opsporen van tekortkomingen in de recepten; er werden echter discrepanties gevonden, en absolute waarden van specifieke voedingsstofconcentraties verschillen door tot 62,1%. Omdat een compleet laboratorium analyse van zelfgemaakte diëten is kostbaar en niet praktisch in de meeste omstandigheden, recepten voor zelfgemaakte diëten moeten een veiligheidsmarge bevatten voor elke voedingsstof om rekening houden met variaties in de voedingsprofielen van de ingrediënten, de verteerbaarheid en de biologische beschikbaarheid, en andere ongecontroleerde factoren die de uiteindelijke samenstelling van een dieet kunnen beïnvloeden. Formulering van recepten voor zelfgekozen diëten is een deskundige inbreng nodig om de het risico op problemen, en we raden aan dat recepten voor huisbereide diëten voor honden worden verkregen van of geëvalueerd door, door de raad van bestuur gecertificeerde dierenartsen of dierenartsen met een geavanceerde opleiding in de voeding, die ervaren zijn en in staat zijn om deze zorgen te begrijpen en aan te pakken.”

5. Assessment of protein and amino acid concentrations and labeling adequacy of commercial vegetarian diets formulated for dogs and cats (August 2015, Journal of the American Verinary Association)

“Slechts 3 van de 8 diëten (met of zonder vermelding van het caloriegehalte als vereiste) voldeden aan alle voorschriften van het AAFCO-etiket voor huisdiervoer. ”  

6. Raw food diets in companion animals: A critical review

“Hoewel er een gebrek is aan grote cohortstudies om het risico of het voordeel van rauw vlees dat aan huisdieren wordt gevoerd te evalueren, is er voldoende bewijs om dierenartsen te dwingen de gevolgen van deze diëten voor de menselijke gezondheid met de eigenaars te bespreken.”

7. How to feed and not to eat our world? (2015, Boonen R.)

“Nu al zijn er onvoldoende dierlijke bijproducten om de huidige huisdierenpopulatie te voeden en worden er dus dieren gedood om huisdieren te voeden.”

7. University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine ‘Homemade dog food recipes can be a risky business, study finds’ (15 July 2013)

8. A Field Study on the Nutrition of Vegetarian Dogs and Cats in Europe. Jan 1998-Dec 1999. E. Kienzle, R Engelhard.

9.  Dwyer JT. Nutritional consequences of vegetarianism. Annual reviews of nutrition 1991: 11: 61-69.

10. McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD, et al. Evaulation of foods – protein. In: Animal Nutrition, 5th ed. Harlow (Essex), UK: Longman Scientific and Techincal, 1995.

Statement from The European Pet Food Industry FEDIAF: 

“Honden zijn omnivoeren en kunnen zich aanpassen aan een plantaardig dieet.”

Vegan dogs – A healthy lifestyle or against their nature.

“De meeste honden kunnen het goed doen op een zorgvuldig gekozen plantaardig dieet dat alle nodige voedingstoffen bevat. Als een veterinaire nutritionist raad ik vleesvrij diëten regelmatig  aan voor verschillende gezondheidskwalen.  De uitdaging dan is het bedenken van deze diëten, wat niet gemakkelijk is. Dat terwijl er heel wat commerciële veganistische en vegetarische voeding op de markt is, niet allemaal evenwaardig op vlak van kwaliteit weliswaar. “

Nederlandse Voedingsindustrie Gezelschapsdieren:

” Er zijn meerdere soorten ‘compleet’ vegetarische hondenvoeding op de markt en voor de meeste eigenaren is dit de meest veilige keuze wanneer ze vegetarisch willen voeren. We wijzen er nogmaals op dat het verstandig is de opties te bespreken met een veterinaire voedingsdeskundige.”

Pet Food Institute

“Het is mogelijke voor vegetarische of vegan hondenvoer om een complete en gebalanceerde voeding voor een gezonde volwassen hond te bieden.”

1. Plant based diets for dogs. Plantaardige diëten voor honden. (December 2018, Journal of the American Verinary Association)

“Honden hebben dieetvereisten voor energie en essentiële voedingsstoffen, maar ze hebben geen erkende vereiste voor ingrediënten van dierlijke oorsprong op zich. In in overeenstemming met de huidige inzichten in huisdiervoeding, elk dieet dat aan het minimum voldoet of dit overtreft voedingsbehoeften van een hond voor een specifieke levensfase zou worden beschouwd als nutritioneel gezien voldoende voor dat dierlijk, ongeacht de ingrediënten. Echter, speciaal Bij het formuleren van een plantaardig dieet moet erop worden toegezien dat aan alle voedingsbehoeften wordt voldaan, met name eisen voor concentraties van het totaal eiwit, methionine, taurine, DHA en vitamine A, B12, en D omdat deze voedingsstoffen meestal worden verkregen uit dierlijke ingrediënten.”

2. Vegetarian versus Meat-Based Diets for Companion Animals (September 2016, Animals)

Een eerste poging tot meta-analyse van het gedane onderzoek:

“Dogs maintained on vegetarian diets may be healthy—including those exercising at the highest levels—and, indeed, may experience a range of health benefits. Such diets must be nutritionally complete and reasonably balanced, however, and owners should regularly monitor urinary acidity and should correct urinary alkalinisation through appropriate dietary additives, if necessary. “

3. An experimental meat-free diet maintained haematological characteristics in sprint-racing sled dogs. (June 2009, Britsh Journal Of Nutrition)

“Deze studie is de eerste om aan te tonen dat een zorgvuldig uitgebalanceerde vleesvrije voeding de normale hematologische waarden bij het trainen van honden kan handhaven.” 

1. The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet. (Maart 2013, Nature)

“Onze resultaten geven aan dat nieuwe aanpassingen die de vroege voorouders van moderne honden in staat stellen om te gedijen op een zetmeelrijk dieet, in vergelijking met het vleesetende dieet van wolven, een cruciale stap vormden in de vroege domesticatie van honden.”

2. A key genetic innovation in dogs: diet (Mei 2018, The Institute Of Canine Biology)

“”In het geval van het amylase gen, produceren honden meer kopieën van het gen en meer van het enzym amylase, waardoor ze efficiënter zetmeel kunnen verteren.”

3. Dietary nutrient profiles of wild wolves: insights for optimal dog nutrition? (November 2015, British Journal of Nutrition)

“De AMY2B kopie is echter niet voor alle honden gelijk. Sommige rassen, zoals de Saluki, een oud Perzisch heeft negenentwintig exemplaren. Oude rassenzoals de Dingo en Siberische Husky hebben slechts een beperkte uitbreiding (drie tot vier exemplaren), wat suggereert dat dezerassen ontstonden naast jagers-erzamelaars in plaats van agrariërs.”

4. Vegetarian versus Meat-Based Diets for Companion Animals (September 2016, Animals)

“Degenen die eraan denken om zijn hond of kat van vegetarisch te voeden moet zich bewust zijn van de bezorgdheid over de voedingswaarde van sommige van dergelijke diëten, die door een aantal studies gedurende een aanzienlijk aantal jaren is aangetoond. Met het oog op een evenwichtig beeld moeten zij zich er echter ook van bewust zijn dat er soortgelijke zorgen bestaan over commerciële vleesvoeders..”

Veganisme in het algemeen

  • Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness:
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  • “The weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates.”
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  • An HSUS Report: The Welfare of Animals in the Meat, Egg, and Dairy Industries
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  • “These farm animals—sentient, complex, and capable of feeling pain and frustration, joy and excitement—are viewed by industrialized agriculture as commodities and suffer myriad assaults to their physical, mental, and emotional well-being, typically denied the ability to engage in their species-specific behavioral needs. “
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  • “There are no federal laws regulating the treatment of the billions of animals raised for meat, eggs, and milk while they are on the farm, and the federal Humane Methods of Slaughter Act has been interpreted by the USDA as not affording minimal protections to farmed birds or fish, animals who make up the overwhelming majority of those raised for consumption.”
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  • The Relationship Between Workers and Animals in the Pork Industry: A Shared Suffering – Porcher
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  • “Animals and workers share the same living conditions (confinement in the same
    buildings, air polluted by the dust and gases, stress, illnesses). Respiratory
    pathologies that affect animals also affect workers (farmers and their workers, as
    well as vets). This includes asthma and chronic bronchitis, especially in pork and
    poultry farming systems (Donham 2000; Borghetti et al. 2002; Dosman et al. 2004;
    McDonnell et al. 2008).”
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  • Factory-Farmed Chickens: Their difficult lives and deaths
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  • “Free-range laying hens, like all other laying hens, are killed after about a year or two when their egg production drops. They are usually slaughtered under the same conditions described above. Like battery chickens, free-range chickens come from hatcheries that kill the male chicks.”
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  • Welfare implications of changes in production systems for laying hens. Or also.
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  • Hens need personal space! ” Evidence suggests that laying hens need a reasonable ‘personal space’ and that priority for space may vary during the day as activity and possibly social interactions alter. “
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  • A computer model of welfare assessment of poultry production, systems for laying hens.
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  • Space is not enough! “The results show that feeding level, space per hen, perches, water availability and nests were the most important attributes. The attribute free range was of minor importance.”
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  • Estimating the Number of Fish Caught in Global Fishing Each Year
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  • “A growing body of evidence points to the likelihood that fish have a pain system similar to that of other vertebrates and are capable of experiencing pain, fear and distress eg [1-3].”
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  • The animal welfare battle: the production of affected ignorance in the Swedish meat industry debate
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  • “The first form [of affected ignorance] occurs when people refuse to acknowledge the connection between their actions and the consequent suffering of their victims. This is recognized when their activities are hidden by calculated language, animals being referred to as objects such as ‘livestock’, ‘protein harvesters’, and ‘biomachines’. The second form occurs when people ask not to be informed of the nature of the practice in question. They do not want to hear about the cruel treatment of animals because it would be too upsetting and would ruin their appetite. The third…”
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  • The BBC Ethics Guide
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  • “If you accept that animals have rights, raising and killing animals for food is morally wrong. … No matter how humanely an animal is treated in the process, raising and killing it for food remains morally wrong.”

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  • Is meat from stressed animals unhealthy?
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  • The simple fact that they ask this question means they realise that animals stress and are suffering.
  • “For example pigs get stressed by loading and unloading, so short trips can mean more anxiety for them because they don’t get enough time to settle down on the vehicle,” says Brandtzæg.”
  • JRC-IES (2009). Evaluation of the livestock sector’s contribution to the EU greenhouse gas emissions. European Commission – Joint Research Centre – Institute for Environment and Sustainability
  • Poore J. & Nemecek T. (2018). Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science 360(6392):987-992.
  • Blonk Consultants (2011). Milieuanalyse van dranken in Nederland.
  • Blonk Milieu Advies, Gouda. Blonk Consultants (2011). Naar een gezond en duurzaam voedselpatroon. Blonk Milieu Advies, Gouda.
  • Blonk Consultants (2009). Naar een gecombineerde meetlat voor milieu- en dierenwelzijn.
  • Blonk Consultants (2008). Milieueffecten van Nederlandse consumptie van eiwitrijke producten. Gevolgen van vervanging van dierlijke eiwitten anno 2008. Blonk Milieu Advies, Gouda.
  • CE Delft (2011). Life Cycle Impacts of Protein- rich Foods for Superwijzer. Delft.
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  • Cai H. e.a. (2007). A prospective study of dietary patterns and mortality in Chinese women. Epidemiology 18(3):393-401.
  • Martínez-González M. e.a. (2014). A provegetarian food pattern and reduction in total mortality in the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 100 Suppl 1:320S-8S.
  • Bamia C. e.a. (2007). Dietary patterns and survival of older Europeans: the EPIC-Elderly Study (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). Public Health Nutr. 10(6):590-8.
  • Campbell TC, Junshi C. & Bandoo P (1998). Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: the Cornell China Study. The American Journal of Cardiology, 82(10):18–21.
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  • Micha R, Michas G, Mozaffarian D. (2012). Unprocessed red and processed meats and risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes—an updated review of the evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep 14:515-24.
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  • Larsson SC, Orsini N. (2014) Red meat and processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 179(3):282-9.
  • Levine M. e.a. (2014) Low Protein Intake Is Associated with a Major Reduction in IGF-1, Cancer, and Overall Mortality in the 65 and Younger but Not Older Population. Cell Metabolism 19:1–11.
  • Rohrmann e.a. (2013) Meat consumption and mortality – results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. BMC Med.11:63.
  • Knutsen SF. (1994). Lifestyle and the use of health services. Am J Clin Nutr. 59(5 Suppl):1171S-1175S.
  • Key TJ, Davey GK & Appleby PN (1999). Health benefits of a vegetarian diet. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58 (2) : 271-275.
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